Ursula e le guin s the dispossesed urras as

Technology Fiction, Syvai

The full name of Le Guin’s 1974 novel states “The Dispossessed: An Eclectic Utopia” and proves to get just what it suggests. This kind of science fiction novel is additionally a thinking about, but not one that serves as “a hopeful pharmaceutical drug for a around perfect future” but one which serves as a “critique of the inadequacies of all ideals and forms of life” (Sabia 1). As Sabia stresses, “the most thoughtful utopias current decades possess shifted via recommending to interrogating the favorable, and from projecting to rejecting a finish of history” (Sabia 1). In his job “Demand the Impossible”, Ben Moylan titles this type of utopianism “critical utopia” and elaborates:

“A central concern in the critical contemplating is the knowing of the limitations from the utopian traditions, so that these kinds of texts deny utopia as a blueprint when preserving it as a desire. Furthermore, the novels dwell on the conflict between the originary world as well as the utopian culture opposed to this so that the process of social transform is more directly articulated. Finally, the novels focus on the continuing presence of big difference and imperfection within the utopian society on its own and thus provide more identifiable and powerful alternatives. ” (qtd. in science. jrank. org)

This kind of proves being perfectly appropriate to “The Dispossessed”, when the utopian culture of Anarres is reviewed in opposition to the originary world of Urras. The author very little said that her goal in writing the new was the study of what the girl considers one of the most idealistic and interesting theory of government, particularly anarchy (qtd. in Benfield 1). Votre Guin performs this by different two imaginary worlds, Urras and Anarres. The main personality, Shevek, a citizen of Anarres, travels to the so called “old world” of Urras, and through his experiences the reader is given not merely an specific understanding of the two planets nevertheless also a great exploration of two very different politics regimes. Without having to be biased, Le Guin strongly describes two contrasted planets: Urras, a planet similar to present day Globe with a number of ranges of government and Anarres, an trial and error breakaway contemporary society which is the embodiment of communist extremism. Both of these planets are referred to realistically in addition to great fine detail, which is, because Le Guin herself says, what makes these people plausible (ursulaleguin. com). On her official site, Le Guin writes: “The touchstone to plausibility in imaginative fictional is probably accordance.

Genuine fiction may be, perhaps must be, incoherent in imitation of the perceptions of reality. Fantasy, which creates a world, should be strictly logical to its own terms, or perhaps it manages to lose all plausibility. The rules that govern just how things work in the dreamed world may not be changed through the story” (ursulaleguin. com). Votre Guin features truly stored the planets in her novel logical and faithful to their individual laws of existence and functioning. A presentation of fictional realms as elaborate as one she offers in her novel enables both the visitors and the authorities to analyze this article of the new with the significance of interpreting the real world. Plausibility of the novel furthermore enables serious account of the ideas and philosophies presented in the book, turning this kind of piece of fiction from entertainment to a more philosophical function. In this short essay, I will attempt to give a basic summary of both Urras and Anarres, simultaneously losing light around the utopian critique which lies in the core of the new.

The most obvious difference between Urras and Anarres may be the political and subsequently interpersonal organization around the two exoplanets. As early as chapter one, we discover out the Anarresti, because the inhabitants of Anarres are called, originally come from Urras and that they have moved to the moon, today their home entire world, approximately 200 years before the action with the novel takes place. Urras is actually a planet which both geographically and see resembles the planet earth we live on. The planet has many different countries, the people have got a created sense of nationality, every single country has their own own language and their very own laws and in addition they often have open up conflicts. What all the countries have in common is exactly what the Anarresti call “propertarianism”, meaning that they have developed the idea of money which often prescribes benefit to all worldly goods. World functions armed with the idea of owning property, which resulted in the existence of classes and thus sociable stratification in the population.

In the past, a great female innovative by the name of Odo preached anarchy as in order to of achieving true liberty. Her viewpoint was based upon the idea that all men and women were equals, the girl professed unification, decentralization of power and claimed which the perfect society is 1 without regulations, based on mutual respect, well guided by people’s inner idea of what is meaning. As Sabia puts it, the correct social morality Odo talked about may surmise a small number of crucial concepts:

“Always value the particularity and autonomy, and value the freedom, of others. Understand that most persons will be moral equals. Help these in want. Never purposely harm or perhaps take advantage of other folks. And lead to society getting into “the function you can do best”, and by working together, fairly, if it is mutually good for do so” (3).

Odo’s standard theory opened on the humanist principle that “once freed from the oppression of the state, of religion, associated with capitalism, human nature would display its essential goodness inside the forms of assistance and shared aid” (Jaeckle 17). The other main level she makes is the renouncement of the concept of ownership – everybody should certainly work voluntarily and therefore everyone should be liberal to take just as much as they need of any produced goods mainly because they have offered equally and therefore are thus evenly deserving of all of them.

The Council of World Governments gave the moon, used for mining, to the Worldwide Society of Odonisans “to buy them off” after they had become too powerful to control or perhaps subdue (Le Guin 77). The revolutionaries were eventually evacuated and transported towards the moon which usually would later on take the name of the aforementioned town and be a free world. The settlers started creating the society Odo envisioned, even so without her – because she, saved in prison for her ideas sometime later it was deceased, under no circumstances got to witness her eyesight coming to existence (Le Guin 77). Votre Guin publishes articles, “Decentralization have been an essential aspect in Odo’s plans for the society the girl did not live to see founded” (Le Guin 77). Though communication and exchange of both materials and perceptive goods was crucial in Odo’s idea, “there was to be zero controlling center, no capital, no business for the self-perpetuating equipment of paperwork and the dominance drive of people seeking to turn into captains, companies, chiefs of state” (Le Guin 78).

“Rotating positions of authority within just organizations, as an example, guards against the abuse and corruption of power. The absence of a situation does the same” (Sabia 3). Two generations later, we come across that Anarres has genuinely followed through with Odo’s vision, retaining order and peace using her common sense: “To produce a thief, make an owner, to create criminal offense, create laws” (Le Guin 113). Because Shevek points out to his Urrasti acquaintance, nobody robs anyone because there is no one to rob and if one needs nearly anything, one requires it from the depository, nobody murders any individual because no one is given a reason to murder and people are kept in order by “private conscience” and “the interpersonal conscience, the opinion of the neighbors” (Le Guin 121). “There is not a other praise on Anarres”, Shevek clarifies, “no additional law. Their own enjoyment, and the respect of one’s fellows” (Le Guin 121).

As have been previously mentioned, the Urrasti certainly are a consumerist culture. This is a concept that somebody like Shevek struggles to grasp:

“He attempted to read an elementary financial text, this bored him past stamina, it was like listening to a person interminably recounting a long and stupid fantasy. He could hardly force himself to understand just how banks performed and so forth, because all the procedures of capitalism were while meaningless to him as the rites of a ancient religion, since barbaric, because elaborate, so that as unnecessary. inches (Le Guin 106)

This kind of passage, complemented with his review that “in the rites of the moneychangers, where avarice, laziness, and envy were assumed to move all in a number of acts, even the terrible started to be banal”, offers a unique evaluate of consumerist society, as the reader emerges a view of consumerism from a significant point of view – the point of view of somebody who was never before confronted with the idea of investing in the first place (Le Guin 106). The anecdote during which Shevek is taken shopping is specially amusing as he goes on to consider the retail center as “nightmare street” plus the experience of searching “bewildering” (Le Guin 106).

It is necessary to note that he says that the oddest thing regarding nightmare streets was that inch non-e from the million points that were marketed there were built there” which all the persons in the retail complex were either buyers or sellers and had “no contact to issues but those of possession” (Le Guin 106). In contrast to this, on Anarres “nothing was hidden”, which will didn’t just imply people kept their doors unlocked and had non-public rooms only when they had a sexual partner, but that every one of the production was done in the wide open as well (Le Guin79). “Workshops and industrial facilities fronted on squares or on open yards, and their doors were open” (Le Guin 80). “No entry doors were locked, few closed. There were no disguises or perhaps advertisements. It was all there, all the work, every one of the life with the city, available to the eye and the hand” (Le Guin 81).

However , while idyllic as it can sound, Anarres has a wonderful flaw in its economy, and that is the fact that the land can be not correctly suitable for individual life. “The Eden of Anarres proved to be dry, frosty and blowy, gusty, squally, bracing, turbulent, and the rest of the planet worse. Life generally there had not developed higher than fish and flowerless plants. Air was thin, like the air of Urras at a very high altitude. Direct sunlight burned, wind froze, the dust chocked” (Le Guin 76). This made existence on Anarres full of hardships and the work that must be required for order to give you the essentials extremely tough. The best summation of the home for that pet is the fact that whenever there is a drought they no longer drink drinking water. The people of Anarres dedicate a great deal of their lives struggling with for success and acknowledging posts in rough jobs. The general difficulty of existence on Anarres obliges every single citizen to have manifold responsibilities within and also to society.

Shevek turns into fully aware about this only when he compares himself for the scientists of A-Io, in whose lives are committed only to research and when they don’t function, they relax, while Shevek was “not only a physicist yet also a spouse, a dad, an Odonian, and finally a social reformer” (Le Guin 103). But while the Urrasti see themselves as fortunate because of the life at the School during which all their only function is mental work at a specific chosen field, Shevek will not share their particular opinion. He complains that there, on the University, he has nothing at all to do except his perceptive work, actually nothing as even the bedrooms are made for these people, while on Anarres he definitely feels free while “he was not freed from anything at all, but liberated to do anything” (Le Guin 105).

This is a fine example of the difference between the Urrasti and Anarresti view of work. This topic is further developed through Shevek’s conversations with Oiie, during which that they both disclose culturally trained views on work: Oiie constitutes a distinction between “dirty work” and other even more agreeable professions, while Shevek is accustomed to everyone doing an equal piece of “the filthy work”. Shevek explains that they all get involved, because no-one wants to undertake it for too much time and so everybody volunteers to get a shorter time period. Oiie can’t grasp offer work as well as the absence of thoughts such as instructions and requirements, while for Shevek it’s self-explanatory: people do the jobs voluntarily because they are informed they must be achieved. “After almost all, work is carried out for work’s sake”, Shevek explains. “It is the long lasting pleasure of life. ” In contrast, intended for Oiie, job is directly linked to earnings with money being the only motivation behind work.

However , as a result of poor circumstances on Arranes, the celestial body overhead has never become completely self-sufficient. The only interaction between Anarres and Urras which remained in the past 2 hundred years is that of Urrasti freighters coming to Anarres eight times a year in order to bring fossil oils, petroleum products and certain delicate equipment parts that Anarresti make is unable to give, in return taking uranium, copper, mercury, tin, gold and copper supplies. The Anarresti, however , thinks this “a perpetually renewed humiliation” (Le Guin 75). The Urrasti and the Anarresti never reconciled, both harboring prejudice regarding each other’s cultures and maintaining a negative image of the opposing tradition, even going so far as looking at each other aliens although they are exactly the same species.

Another important referent in tradition is dialect. “Modern sociolinguists hold towards the idea that a real understanding of dialect usage cannot be achieved once abstracted from its social context” (Bruhn 1). The same can be stated vice versa: no society may be truly recognized when looked at separately from the language. Led by the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, Anarres is a pay out that received a new dialect as soon as it sprung the first wall surfaces. Pravic, the invented dialect, “intentionally represents the principles from the new society” (qtd. in Bruhn 1). One of the most informing features of the language is the repulsion to possessive pronouns (Bruhn 1). As there is no home, possessive pronouns are replaced with the term “that I actually use” (i. e. Sadik offers her father “the handkerchief I actually use” (Le Guin 251)) At the same time, the possessive pronouns do exist and can be used but are used to signify something attacking as their entire meaning can be against Odonianism.

As an example, Rulag denotes Shevek’s and Bedap’s group as “your sindicate” expressing her outrage with what the lady views because Urrasti propertarianism. Furthermore, Pravic lacks addresses forms: you will find no phrases such as “sir” or “ma’am”, if the first is inclined to use a subject other than a person’s name, each uses the solidarity enhancing expression ammar – signifying both brother or a sister (Bruhn 4). For people’s titles, they are generated by a laptop: the computer contains a repository of all existing names and it chooses the identity for a infant, and the name is unique. The database contains all brands that the Pravic language supports and takes into consideration just those titles that no-one else offers at the moment of the birth of your child, putting a deceased person’s brand back as an option just after the bearer of the name has perished. This way, each individual has only one name but is completely recognizable by it. Pravic lacks other titles or perhaps last labels.

Generally, the absence of words intended for concepts which usually Odonianism does not condone is another indicator with the purposeful nature of the language’s contruction. “To the Anarresti, the Iotic words “prison”, “slave”, “bet”, “moral” and “business” will be as overseas as the ideas themselves” (Bruhn 5). Furthermore, Pravic is designed in such a way that the same expression is used to signify both equally “work” and “play”. “The Sapir-Whorf Speculation applies here in full power: Without a linguistic distinction, the Anarresti will certainly conceivably neglect to form a conceptual difference between “work” and “play”, a hassle-free and perhaps required arrangement for a communal economy whose existence depends on the up to date diligence of its constituents” (Bruhn 6).

Furthermore, Pravic falls short of all taboo forms and borrows Iotic expletives, because “it is hard to trust when sexual is not really dirty and blasphemy does not exist” (Le Guin 206). This straight reflects the attitude Odonians have towards sex: it’s a natural occurrence, an work practiced simply by all consenting adults without restraints or perhaps rules with regards to gender or perhaps age. In comparison, “the organic language of Iotic demonstrates styles, sociolects, regional dialects, gender terminology issues and taboo words” (Bruhn 7). Iotic contains titles which in turn show numerous levels of esteem, it uses possessive pronouns thoroughly and includes a lower language called Niotic. Niotic is usually spoken by the lower class and is phonologically and syntactically different from the bigger class, normal Iotic.

Efor is usually an example of a reduced class personality who code switches, according to with to whom and about what he is speaking. “Through the inclusion of those forms, Votre Guin displays the power structure coherent in the society of A-Io, while demonstrated by their need to show deference for certain people. Shevek even paperwork that “you cannot say good morning without knowing which of you is ‘superior’ for the other, or perhaps trying to demonstrate it (p. 364)” (Bruhn 8).

The dystopian element of the novel is definitely brought out by the fact that both cultures happen to be essentially problematic and that not version of society handles to be correctly just. This kind of leads us to the bottom line that file corruption error is in fact an integral part of human nature. The alternating chapters which are a sort of implemented short buildungsroman regarding Shevek reveal the weak points of Odonianism. The critique starts with the questionable education system which strives to indoctrinate improvements rather than motivate students to consider for themselves – ironically, independent thought can be scolded since the most detrimental of all offences an Odonian can be charged of: egotism. As Bedap later stated: “We don’t educate intended for freedom. Education, the most important activity of the interpersonal organism, is becoming rigid, moralistic, authoritarian. Kids learn to bird Odo’s phrases as if these people were laws – the ultimate profanity! ” (Le Guin 135).

The flaw with the system is further explored when Shevek meets Sabul, a senior science tecnistions who manages to skade Shevek’s career. Bedap makes a claim that the very fact they have zero government or laws will not make them free because it wasn’t laws that controlled suggestions in the first place. It certainly is not any sort of formal, centralized electricity which enables Sabul to get oppressive. “Public opinion! Which is power framework he’s element of, and knows how to use. The unadmitted, inadmissible power that rules Odonian society by stifling the individual mind” (Le Guin 133). Consequently , although data corruption on Anarres isn’t because overt as its manifestations within a propertarian society, it continue to exists. To be able to continue the task he wants to be carrying out, Shevek must enter into a mutually exploitative relationship with Sabul, which violates the most basic Odonian values about values (Benfield 5).

Co-operation on Anarres is conditional: “This occurs partly mainly because interests are generally not always appropriate, and to some extent because Anarresti are not constantly ethical” (Sabia 3). Sabia claims that Anarres was flawed from your very beginning, staying threatened simply by centralization and then becoming “basically an extreme bureaucracy” (qtd. in Sabia 5). For getting economic efficiency, solidarity was exaggerated plus the demands for community and fairness started to be demands for compliance and conformity (Sabia 5). “The social notion, the thoughts and opinions of others, [became] the most effective moral force” (qtd. in Sabia 5). Even within a society which is theoretically suitable, people are even now human, hence imperfect, that may go on to resonate for the entirety of society and cause it to always be imperfect too.

The smoothness of Vea is brought to further query the whole notion of freedom. Note is the manifestation of the contemporary Urrasti female: with her exaggerated sexuality and sharp wits, she actually is a character who have reveals a lot about the male-female mechanics of the Urrasti. However , the lady reveals far more as the girl goes on to discuss her concepts of independence. She looks at all forms of morality fake as they are imposed on people and identifies freedom because the absence of any sort of exterior or interior constraint. Consequently , she accuses the Anarresti of being slaves to morality who simply “stick that inside” (Benfield 3). Despite having an extreme point of view, Note “raises the key issue of internal vs . external vices on freedom” (Benfield 3). This issue is linked to the idea that public opinion can be very easily manipulated and the Anarresti happen to be indirectly handled and oppressed: they have the supreme freedom of preference, but individuals who choose views or life-style which differ from the view of the masses are ruled out from contemporary society and judged by others. Much of the episode of the book centers accurately around the fact that Shevek great family acquire aggressively ruled out from society because of Shevek’s pursuit of his own beliefs when they avoid coincide while using beliefs from the majority (Sabia 6).

On the other hand, as stated above, the corruption of Urrasti world is visible over a more area level. The truly amazing flaws with their society sit in the fact that it is money-driven with values becoming external and materialized instead of internal and spiritual or intellectual. Furthermore, everything is definitely viewed through the aspect of profit, even technology, which is something which Shevek understands gradually – they want technological development not for the reason of understanding the universe or perhaps making a radical and mutually useful change in interaction with the additional worlds, yet because of revenue and potential supremacy. Press manipulation of reality, misogyny, violence as the answer to rebellion and ongoing battles between the countries are very open and straightforward instances of the dysfunctional nature in the Urrasti world view.

It is important to notice that the book was drafted in 1974 – through the Cold Conflict. If we make an effort to draw parallels between the political state on the planet in which Votre Guin was writing plus the world your woman was writing about, it is easy to place the similarities of the issue: in the novel, A-Io can be treated as a great analogy towards the United States while Thu can be viewed as The Soviet Union. However , it is also feasible to expand the analogy and see the entirety of Urras while The American Bloc with Thu in this instance representing the emerging oppositional parties whilst Anarres would be viewed as the communist Soviet Union. The novel draws on one more true to life event: students protests resistant to the Vietnam War. In section 9, the Odonians of A-Io start up a protest which in turn ends in physical violence but actually reaches its climaxing with Shevek’s speech regarding freedom and revolution. “Revolution is each of our obligation: the hope of evolution. The revolution with the individual spirit, or it is nowhere” (Le Guin 359). Shevek further claims, “You cannot buy the Revolution. You cannot associated with Revolution. You can only be the Revolution” (301). As performed the protests against the Vietnam War, the protest upon Urras details at many issues, such as human legal rights and cost-free speech.

The Wall membrane on Anarres can also be regarded as reminiscent of the Berlin Wall. At the incredibly opening in the novel, Votre Guin gives the reader having a great wall structure which can be viewed from two different factors: from one aspect, it “enclosed the universe, leaving Anarres outside, free” but “looked at through the other area, the wall enclosed Anarres: the whole entire world was inside it, a great penitentiary camp, cut-off from the additional worlds and other men, in quarantine” (Le Guin 3). The wall membrane proves as a recurring motif during the book, representing both boundaries between societies and Shevek’s individual boundaries if it is present in his dreams (Benfield 2). The entirety of Shevek’s voyage proves to have the breaking down of walls due to the goal. “Those who build walls are their own prisoners. I’m going to get fulfill my proper function in the interpersonal organism. I’m going to unbuild walls” (Le Guin 331).

Thus, Shevek acts as a missionary who wants to bring the people via both sides in the wall collectively. The idea of interconnection and building a full group is stressed with the novel’s ending – Shevek returns to Anarres, bringing back his experience. The sunrise which greets him creates and image of expect the future. Nevertheless , the reader is definitely left with no proper conclusion. Although we last see Shevek feeling optimistic, all of us don’t know what awaits him. Shevek is going to dismount in yet another foreign world, because the Anarres he forgotten no longer exists: “Shevek and the syndicate have been successful in their purpose of stirring things up. Shevek’s quest and come back have naturally caught the imagination of countless people” (Benfield 7). Benfield warns that although bringing an outsider, Ketho, “suggests the possibility of additional change and more contact with other societies” it is quite likely the fact that opposition of change offers hardened and turn into more organized (Benfield 7).

Taking into consideration the chaos and violence which will met the revolutionaries on Urras, you can expect the same reaction upon Anarres. Shevek was found off to the freighter as being a traitor which has a violent uproar – really expected that he will become greeted within a similar vogue upon his return. Votre Guin leaves her visitors with many speculations about the future of the two realms and of Shevek himself, although she leaves us on an altogether upbeat note, with Shevek feeling that this individual has, in fact , succeeded in breaking down the wall. Yet , the wake is but to be seen. It truly is up to the viewers themselves to ponder regarding the conceivable consequences of such significant changes and great cycles. Drawing analogies to the challenges of the actual, as research fiction will do, Votre Guin prompts the readers to consider the political and ideological concerns in the world which in turn surrounds all of them.

This short summary was written with the intention to give the reader a fundamental understanding of the concepts of Urras and Anarres. Votre Guin decides a brilliant way to present these worlds to her viewers – simply by forcing them to view them from sight different from their own. Shevek, a great idealist and true Odonian, and his encounters of a world completely different than his own, is the funnel through which all of us as your readers experience Votre Guin’s invented universe and everything the conflicts that arise within this. The new is subtitled “An Uncertain Utopia” mainly because that is the particular moon of Anarres truly is. Approved to idealists and revolutionaries as a totally free world related to as they you should, Anarres can be described as symbol for the ultimate nirvana. Le Guin primarily uses the account of Urras to “point beyond itself” (Benfield 2).

“On Urras we are shown why people would want something better, and these are generally the possibilities that Anarres symbolizes: a contemporary society that would provide more human being connection, more equality, and, above all, more freedom (Benfield 2). Nevertheless , it has “flaws too severe for it to become considered a utopia” however it contains “enough that is very good and enough hope for an improved future that this cannot pretty be described as a dystopia” (Benfield 7). Although Shevek does not transform his head throughout the story and, regardless of all the defects of Anarresti society that have been illuminated, even now considers Anarres a society of the liberated and remains faithful to Odo’s instructing, it is my personal impression that the novel illuminated the profound flaws of each system. It really is my conclusion that problem and “egotising” are embedded deep in human nature and therefore are inevitably projected onto any kind of political or perhaps social program established, thus making an actual utopia impossible.

Though generally presented in a better light through the entire novel, the society about Anarres demonstrates fragile ultimately by being so easily shaken when facing views and actions which in turn break the almost dogmatic attitudes that have developed over time. This qualified prospects me to question the significance of Odo’s idea – it is made clear that theory and practice are two various things. In the failures of both Urras and Anarres, I see the failures of the human race in general. I would really like to finish this kind of essay simply by quoting a passage by Benfield’s “The Interplanetary Dialectic”: “Thus, Votre Guin suggests that, although there will be no utopian endpoints, the make an attempt to create interpersonal structures that provide greater human freedom and fulfillment is definitely difficult and dangerous yet worthwhile. Any society, however well conceptualized, that perceives itself as that perfect endpoint will become bothersome of independence, a dystopia instead of a utopia. […] Le Guin agrees with one of her more negative characters that human beings are certainly not infinitely delicate: “Human mother nature is man nature” (69). As Shevek learns by simply experience, persons on Urras and Anarres are not basically different” (7).

Works Mentioned

Benfield, Susan Holding. The Interplanetary Dialectic: Independence And Equality In Ursula Le Guins The Dispossessed. Perspectives On Political Research 35. several (2006): 128-134. Academic Search Premier. World wide web. 1 April. 2013.

Bruhn, Daniel W. “Walls of the Tongue: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Ursula Le Guin’s The Dispossesed. PDF FORMAT File. Net. 1 . 04 2013.

Jaeckle, Daniel P. Embodied Anarchy In Ursula E. Le Guins: The Dispossessed. Utopian Studies 20. 1 (2009): 75-95. Academic Search Premier. Net. 1 Monthly interest. 2013.

Le Guin, Ursula K. The Dispossesed. 1974. PDF FORMAT File “Plausability in Imagination. ” Ursula K. Votre Guin. Net. 24. Apr 2013. http://www. ursulakleguin. com/PlausibilityinFantasy. html

Sabia, Daniel. Thinking about As Evaluate. Peace Assessment 14. two (2002): 191-197. Academic Search Premier. Web. 1 Apr. 2013.

“Utopia – Expressions of Utopianism”. Technology Encyclopedia. Net. 29. 04 2013. http://science. jrank. org/pages/11551/Utopia-Expressions-Utopianism. html