Sustainable agriculture Essay

Organic farming has been elevated rapidly globally in previous few years.

The global organic and natural food sale was predicted to be US$26 billion in 2003. The japanese has the third largest industry for organic foods after EU plus the USA. In Asia total area beneath organic managing shared just 0. thirty-three percent in six prude of the world, nevertheless it increased to be 4 percent in 2005 which is a ten-fold increase in 3 years. According to IFOAM (2003), land area under organic management in Asia was your largest in China (301, 295 ha) followed by Philippines (40, 000ha), Sri Lanka (15, 215 ha), Japan (5, 083 ha), Thailand (3, 429 ha), Pakistan (2, 009), Taiwan (1, 092 ha), Republic of Korea (902 ha) and Malaysia (131 ha).

Organic normal law is important to ensure the top quality of organic and natural product. Lately, Japan revised its organic standard regulations into more strict legislated law in which a penalty evaluate is included in punish the violators of organic marking regulations. Various other Asian countries (China, India, His home country of israel, Republic of Korea, Taiwan and Thailand) also implemented their own organic and natural regulations however, not yet devote legislation being an official regulation. Malaysia finalized regulation, but is not yet completely implemented, although Indonesia, Malaysia and other Asian countries are possibly in process of drafting polices or no actions is taken at all.

In Taiwan, Authorities of Cultivation officially licensed three NGOs as the Organic Foodstuff Certification Agencies in Taiwan. Until Summer 2003, an overall total of 1092. 4 hectares of land were accredited by these kinds of organizations to become organic facilities to produce numerous organic foods (rice, fruit and vegetables, fruits, tea and others).

Import of organic foods mainly from Japan and USA can be increasing in Taiwan in recent times. The brought in and in your area produced organic and natural foods are offered through superstore, organic healthy food stores, and agribusiness level chain shops and through e-commerce. Although Taiwan provides its official version of organic common promulgated in 2003, however , there is no fees regulation for the violators of the legislation for organic labeling. This will likely cast hesitation of the consumers whether the organic and natural foods available are really organically grown. Modern day agriculture depends upon high type of substance fertilizer and pesticides to get crop development.

Although this sort of technology based agricultural practice has increased farming productivity and abundance, the resulting ecological and inexpensive impacts have not always been confident. Environmental polluting of the environment and food safety as a result of chemical contaminants become the great concern throughout the world. In order to manage this problem, Meals and Farming Organization (FAO) proposed The World Meals Summit Plan of Action (1999) in recognition with the importance of expanding alternative sustainable agriculture just like organic farming.

The goal of Plan of action is to decrease environmental destruction while creating income from your farming operation. Organic farming is a built-in farming system which involved technical aspects (soil. agronomy, weed and pest management) and economical aspects (input, output and marketing) and human overall health. Chemical totally free safety food produced from the organic farms are extensively welcomed by consumers around the globe today, particularly in North America, Europe, South America, Asia and Oceania. Due to the great global marketplace demand, development of organic foods is increasing speedily in earlier decades.

In accordance to Hanuman (2003) of Organic Transact Association (OTA), US selling sales of organic food and drinks, which have grown approximately 20-24 % each year for the past 12 years, are approximated to have reached slightly US$ 11 billion dollars during 2002, representing about 2 percent of general US selling food sales. The US market is expected to carry on and grow, especially after full implementation of national organic and natural standards. According to estimation, the sale of organic products in North America and Europe can reach US$105 billion 5 years ago. Organic production is also being a booming market in Asia and Oceania.

The area of organic farm in Asia increased to five, 083 hectares which made organic foods at a value of US$3. 5 mil in 2003. In Taiwan the area of certified organic farm improved from 159.

6 hectares in 1996 to 1, 092. 4 hectares in the year 2003. Australia includes a total organic and natural area of 15, 500, 1000 hectares which is the largest in the world. Other Asian countries like Chinese suppliers, Malaysia, Israel, Vietnam, Asia and Indonesia, the area of organic farming is growing from year upon year. There are strict organic recognition laws in the Unites States, EUROPEAN UNION, Australia and Japan, and has its own recognized organic law which acts the sole guide for top quality organic development.

While different Asian countries like China, India, Israel, Asia and Taiwan although have their own recognized version of organic criteria and rules, but not but become the legislated laws to put penalty intended for the violators. Most of additional Asian countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Singapore possibly do not have organic and natural standards yet (IFOAM 2003). This paper is to go into the present situation of global organic and natural production and marketing, including that of the Unites States and European countries. The paper is specially concentrating on the recent development of organic farming inside the Asian countries, including Japan, China and tiawan, Hong Kong, Republic of Korea, Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and Vietnam.

Taiwan connection with organic development and marketing system happen to be reviewed in more detail together with the most recent offered data. Good and bad factors affecting development of organic production and marketing in Asia such as certification system are reviewed. 1 . Introduction to global organic farming Relating to SOL-Survey, Oceania provides the largest reveal (48.

51%) of total area beneath organic managing in 2001. The talk about is lowered to be 40 percent in 2004. This is due to the expansion of organic farming in Asia from 0. 33 percent in 2001 to 5 percent in 2004 which can be ten flip increases in three years. The location of the plantation under organic management in Latin America shared 20 percent in 2001 and increased to be twenty four percent in 2004 which can be the second greatest organic place after Oceania. Europe shared 23.

49 percent in 2001 and 23 percent in 2005. Europe remained to be the same rate of shares between year of 2001 (23. 58 %) and 23 % (2004) which is the next largest region to develop organic products on the globe.

North America distributed 6 percent in 2005, which is the fourth largest place to increase organic plants in the world. It can be worth noticing that the all-natural resource poor African country is raising its procedure of organic farming lately. The total region under organic and natural management in Africa distributed a small portion of 0. 14 percent in 2001 and increased to at least one percent in 2004 (Figures 1). 10 countries with all the largest area area underneath organic supervision in 2003 include Sydney (10, 500, 000 ha), Argentina (3, 192, 1000 ha), Italy (1, 230, 000 ha), USA (950, 000 ha), England (679, 631 ha), Uruguay (678, 481 ha), Germany (632, 165 ha), Spain (485.

079 ha), Canada (430, 600 ha) and England (419, 750 ha). The land beneath organic administration in the world increased drastically coming from 2000 to 2003. The increase of organic and natural farm in Australia contributed greatly to the largest share of organic farmville farm in Oceania (from 654, 924 ha in 2000 to10, 500, 000 ha in 2003). Uruguay becomes the world sixth largest part of 678, 481 hectares in 2004 driving Austria out the top ten countries( No being unfaithful in 2000) (Figures 2).

According to Organic Consumers’ Association (2004), the world market segments for organic and natural foods and beverages would be the largest in america with the price tag sales of US$11, 000-13, 000 mil in 2003. The gross annual growth is usually expected to be 0. 5%. Europe includes a retail sale for US$10, 000-11, 000 , 000, 000 in 2003 with the anticipated annual growth of 10-15 percent in 2003-2005.

Japan provides a retail sale for US$350-450 , 000, 000 in the year 2003 with the predicted annual growth of 5-10 percent. Australia provides the largest reveal of organic farm on the globe; the organic products are mainly released to Europe, USA and Japan. It includes US$75-100 , 000, 000 retail sales within the region with the expected annual growth of 10-20 percent in 2003-2005. Global total retail deal in 2003 was believed to be US$23, 000-25, 000 (Table 1). Table 1 ) Overview of community markets to get organic foods and drinks in the year 2003 Markets.

Price tag sales 2003 (million US$) Annual development 2003-2005 (%) USA 14, 000-13000 0-5 Europe(Total) 15, 000-11, 500 10-15 Canada 650-1, 500 5-10 Japan 350-450 5-10 Oceania 75-100 10-20 Total 23, 000-25, 000 Supply: Organic Consumers’ Association (2004) Organic farming is established worldwide and in many countries and regulated by simply local governments and non-government certification agencies. The international nongovernment business IFORM (International Federation of Organic Agricultural Movements) plays an important role in pushing organic cultivation in the landscape of universe.

IFOAM has 527 member organizations in 92 countries, including fifty eight in Australia, 22 in america, 13 in Argentina, your five in Austria, 4 in New Zealand, 12 in Israel, one particular in Chinese suppliers, 1 in Republic of Korea and 1 in Taiwan. Europe and Asia are the main importers with the organic products. Japan market to get organics continues to be more clearly defined, following the advantages of new organic law in 2001. In the emerging economies of East Asia, the industry for organic products appears to be not so significant.

In most East Asian countries, there are zero regulations governing the production and marketing of organic foodstuff. Although there can be some little opportunities to get organic industry in these countries, the lack of control will lead the people to doubt about the trustworthiness of natural products in the marketplaces. (Source: SOL-Survey. 2001) Origin: SOL-Survey 2004 Figure 1 . A comparison of share of each continent of total area under organic management between 2001 and 2004 Determine 2 . Eight countries with the largest property area underneath organic management in 2003 Source: SOL-Survey, 2003. installment payments on your Organic Creation and promoting in the United States.

Organic farming in the usa was first started by the farmers and offered as the organic products as soon as in 1940. The Organic and natural Farming Work of 1982 was first handed by the our elected representatives to act as the guideline for organic development. This regulation was afterwards revised into more detailed and strict regulation into The Federal Organic Food Development Act of 1990. Beneath this legislation, National Organic and natural Standard Panel was established. The Board can be responsible to take measures to assure that food products labeled as organic foods or made with organic ingredients meet the tight organic normal across the Usa.

Because of these steps, organic farming becomes the fastest developing agricultural industry in the United States in a increasing charge of 20-25 % annually since 1990. The sale of organic products in 2000 was US$ several. 8 billion dollars, organic livestock products amounted US$618 , 000, 000, and organic processed items amounted US$170. 6 million.

According to Foods Merchandiser (NFM), the total amount of sale for the organic products in the Unites States increased to US$10 billion in 2003 (Organic Consumers’ Association predicted to be US$11-13 billion in 2003). In accordance to Nourishment Business Diary (2000), More fresh vegetables and fruits occupied the largest portion of the sale in an amount of US$2, 250 million, followed by nondairy organic drinks (US$1, 500 million), organic bread and cereals (US$850), organic packed food (US$ 650 million) and organic dairy products (US$ 500 millions) in 2k (Figure 3). They are sold at premium value of 8-200% over non-organic ordinary goods (Table 2). Table 2 . Premium of organic more than nonorganic cereals and soybean price in america 1995 1996 1997 98 1999 2k 2001.

Hammer toe 35 43 73 88 98 fifth 89 59 Soybean 114 85 141 202 217 a hundred seventy five 177 Wheat or grain 54 fifty nine 73 almost eight 87 ciento tres 94 Oats 35 59 73 83 77 71 41 *Numbers in the stand indicate higher rate of organic more than no-organic goods (1995-2000) Source: Bertramsen and Dobbs, 2002. A rise inside the number of organic and natural processing establishments has increased the range of organic products available in the market place. Nearly all food category had an organic version, vegetable-protein products, food, meat, and juices have largest collection among the processed organic foods. The main foodstuff categories for organic products in the United States are vegetables fruits, cereals, meats and dairy products.

Organic and natural dairy belongs to a large-growth category in the organic industry: its revenue more than increases between 1933 and 1994 to reach nearly at US $24 million. (Dunn 1995). several. Organic farming in European countries Since the origins of the nineties, organic farming has developed extremely rapidly in almost all Countries in europe. At the beginning of 2001, in the 25 EU countries as well as Bosnia, Herzegovina, Croatia and Yugoslavia more than several.

7 mil hectares of land had been managed organically by a lot more than 130, 1000 farms. This constituted practically two percent of the farming area. In the European Union, between 1986 and 1996 the land underneath organic managing grew yearly by 30 %. In Central and East Europe, we have a strong embrace the number of organic farms. In Austria nearly ten percent of the agricultural land is organic and natural, and in Australia 2 . 6 percent.

In many countries the market for organic products are still very small. In 1991 the European Union (EU) passed Rules 2092/91, which usually lays down in detail just how food must be produced and packaged to qualify for the description organic. However , this applied just to organic foods of vegetable origin. Organic husbandly remains in the developing stage (Wight 1997).

Most foods tagged Organic must come from cpus or brought in who happen to be registered and subject to frequent inspection. According to Article of EU 2092/91, organic foods may be brought in from countries administering legal guidelines equivalent to regarding EU. In the Europe, Indonesia has the biggest market of US$1, 800 million.

A greater percentage of market growth (30-40 %) is seen in Denmark and Sweden (Table 3). The marketing programs differed coming from country to country. In Italy, 60 percent of organic meals are sold in organic stores. Fourty six percent of organics are sold in organic retailers in Indonesia and Italy, while 90 percent of organics are offered in conventional stores in Denmark and 74 percent in England. Ninety six percent of organics are sold in organic retailers in Holland.

Price of organics is usually 20-100 percent higher than those of non-organics since indicated in Table 5. EU imported a considerable amount of organics from UNITED STATES, Canada and Japan to meet the need of the consumers (Table 5). Stand 3: The European industry for natural products 1997, Approximate for 2150 Country. US$ million % of total food revenue Expected Development (%) Anticipated growth (US$ million) Australia 1, 800 1 . two 10 2, 500 Italia 750 zero.

6 20 1, 90 France 720 0. your five 20-25 1, 250 Belgium 620 England 400.00 0. 4 25-30 nine hundred Switzerland three hundred and fifty 2 over 20 700 Holland 350 one particular 15-20 600 Spain 320 Denmark 300 installment payments on your 5 30-40 600 Finland 260 Austria 225 2 12-15 400 Sweden 110 0. 6 30-40 400 European countries 6, 255 8, 400.00 Source ITC, 1999) Stand 4. Value of organic and natural foods in Europe Country Premium of organic meals over standard foods (%) Vegetables Cereals Milk Spud Fruit Sweden 30-100 10-100 15-20 30-100. 100 Denmark 20-50 0-20 20-30 20-50 50-100 Finland 94 sixty four 31 78 England 30-100 20 Luxembourg over twenty 25-30 50-100 Switzerland 40-80 40-50 10 60 50-60 Luxemburg 60 90 10 40 60 Germany 20-100 20-150 25-80 50-100 20-150 Athens 40 50 30 40 50 Netherlands 20-50 thirty seven 98 33 26 Italy 50-220 125-175 20-50 70-130 50-100 Source: Von Ulrich Hamm and Johannes Micholsen, Die Vermarktung Von Oekole bensmitteln in Europa, Oekologie Und Landbau, 2000 (Vol.

28, Number 1): pp. 31-38, Siftung Oecologic Sowie Landbau. Stand 5. Position of import authorizations by country into EU (1995) Buy of size. Country No . of documentation Percent one particular United States 109 24 2 Hungary forty 9 3 Turkey 38 8 four Canada 29 6 five Mexico 29 6 6th India twenty one 5 six Brazil 15 3 almost eight Dominican Republic 14 a few 9 Japan 12 3 10 Republic of bolivia 10 a few Source: UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE (1995) 5. Organic farming in Asia and Oceania According to Sol-Survey (2001), total region under organic and natural management in Asia distributed only zero. 33 % in six regions of the world in 2001; nevertheless it increased to get 4 percent in 2005, which is ten fold improves in 3 years.

Oceania shared the largest part of 48. 51 percent in 2001 and decreased to be 41. 8 percent (Figure 1). According to IFORM (2003), land location under organic management was the largest nationwide (10, five-hundred, 000 ha), followed by China and tiawan (301, 295 ha), New Zealand (63, 438 ha), Indonesia (40, 000 ha), Sri Lanka (15, 215 ha), Japan (5, 083 ha), Papua Fresh Guinea (4, 265 ha), Thailand (3, 429 ha), Pakistan (2, 009 ha), Taiwan (1, 092 ha) and Republic of Korea (902 ha), Fiji (200 ha), Malaysia (131 ha). Percentage of organic region in total gardening area in Australia is 2 . 08 percent and 1 . 93 percent for New Zealand.

Other countries is less than 1 percent (China 0, 79 %, Papua New Guinea zero. 49%, The japanese 0. one particular % and Taiwan zero. 03 %) (Table 6). According to Organic Consumers Association (2004), Asian consumers are in line with the global trend of increased utilization of organic products, although American, Euro and Aussie producers are becoming profits. High start up costs, hot weather difficulties as well as the shortage of trustworthy labeling plans caused the Asian organic farmers battling to grab a slice of fast growing organic industry.

According to IFORM (2004), last year the international marketplace for organic food come to US$ twenty billion, with Japan eating up almost US$ three or more billion which is the third greatest market intended for organic food in the world after the EU and USA. Japanese people organic farmers worried that cheap green food based organic imports from China may possibly drive Japanese organic cultivation to the wall. According to Organic Transact Association (OTA) (2004) Taiwan produced and traded US$ 50 mil worth of organic meals, and Singapore US$3.

5million. Figures had been unavailable to get Hong Kong and Thailand, however the OTA features put them on the hot list of emerging organic and natural markets wherever high start up costs and low yields for neighborhood farmers should be solved. China and tiawan, Papua New Guinea, India, Sri Lanka and Philippines happen to be catching the trend of organic farming.

Oceania which usually accounts for practically one half of worldwide organic farmland had a marketplace for organic foods that is estimated to be worth US$ 190 mil. There is a total of twelve, 500, 500 hectares of organic cultivated fields in Australia, and 63, 438 hectares in New Zealand, and most from the organic food produced can be exported. four-one. Japan Market size Japan produced an overall total of thirty four, 000 a lot of organic foods in 2001 which improved to be 47, 000 tons in 2002.

Until Sept. 2010 2003, a total of 5, 396 farm’s household involved in organic farming in Asia (Kijima 2004). Japan provides the biggest industry for organic food in Asia. They called Organic as YUKI in Western. YUKI involves any products which are made organically through organic farming, organic farming or organically refined.

The amount of YUKI products was estimated to be US$500 mil in year 1994 (Twyford Smith 1998). Considering that the mid-1980s it includes subsequently expanded considerably in an annual price of 20 percent. It is estimated that more than 300 organic products, including new organic fruit and veggies, are available in the industry.

Table 6. Organic farming in Asia and the Pacific* Country Fertile and long term crops land (1000 ha) Number of organic farms reported Land place under organic and natural management (ha) Percent of total gardening area (%) Year of data DEVELOPING COUNTRIES China 135, 557 two, 910 301, 295 zero. 02 2001 Fiji 285 10 200 0. ’07 2000 India 169, seven hundred 5, 661 41, 000 0. goal 2001 Indonesia 33, 546 45, 000 40, 1000 0. 12 2001 Korea, Rep. of 1, 919 one particular, 237 902 0. 05 1998 Lao PDR 958 150 2001 Malaysia six, 605 twenty seven 131 2001 Nepal a couple of, 968 21 45 0. 002 Pakistan 21, 960 405 2, 009 zero. 01 2001 Philippines 12, 050 500 0. 02.

2001 Ceylon (veraltet) 1, 910 3, 301 15, 215 0. 79 2001 Taiwan 3, 601 941 you, 092 0. 03 2003 Thailand 18, 000 940 3, 429 0. 02 2001 Viet Nam six, 350 38 2 zero. 003 2001 DEVELOPED COUNTRIES Australia 55, 600 1, 380 10, 500, 1000 2 . 08 2001 Japan 4, 830 5, 083 0. 10 1999 Fresh Zealand three or more, 280 983 63, 438 1 . 93 2001 WORLD 1, 497, 365 398, 804 twenty two, 811, 267 * Rearranged table depending on data of organic facilities from publication of International Federation of Organic Culture Movements (IFOAM) Te World of Organic Agriculture 2003, sixth, revised release, February 2003: Minou Yussefi und Helga Willer (Eds. ). Seeing that September 2002, organic supermarkets and restaurants have sprouted across the country, whilst foreign exporters of organic foods raced to get their produce certified under the Japanese Standard Regulation, which arrived to effect in 2001. (Tim Large, REUTER.

Tokyo The spring 5, 2002, Taipei Times). It is estimated that organic produce imported through the USA totaled US$100 million in 2002, those by Washington state was about US$10mllion (USDA 2002). Organic produce imported into The japanese through Sumitomo Company and Nissho Iwai Company is mostly soybeans. Japan also transfer some freezing fresh vegetables via USA, New Zealand and Canada.

Organic and natural black green teas are from Latin America, and organic and natural banana happen to be imported coming from Mexico and Philippines (Trends in Japan 1996). An important part from customer co-operatives, supermarket chain has become increasing their very own sales of organic products. The Tokyo-based Citizen’s Association to get Recycling Activity in Japan opened the organic retailers which entice 1, 2 hundred customers a day. Its procedure is based on door to door delivery assistance for predicted 55, 1000 households country wide (Japan Occasions 1997).

Price tag price to get organic products will be estimated to be, on average 15 percent greater than the comparable nonorganic items. Competition is increasing between locally created products and brought in organic products, especially cheap green food structured organic products from China. Europe and the United States will be exporting cheap and better quality organic farmville farm products to Japan. A lot of observers believe organic importance will continue to increase in view of the increasing market demand (Japan Occasions 1997). Organic law in Japan.

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery (MAFF) launched a program of organic farming for several years. In 1992 MAFF enacted a regulation called Standard of Marking Organic Products and Specially Made Agricultural Products. However , the regulation has not been welcomed by the consumers, because it did not offer a reliable labeling system and caused a lot of confusion to the buyers.

It was after that revised into Regulation for Labeling Standardized Agricultural and Forestry Commodity. This rules was additional revised two times in mil novecentos e noventa e seis and 97 to be more desirable one. It had been further modified into 4 kinds of more strict rules, and officially promulgated since the latest edition of organic law in 2000. They can be: (1) Cultivation and Forestry Regulation intended for Organic Products; (2) Accreditation Regular for Agricultural Production (3) Japanese Common of Digesting Organic Products and (4) Fundamental Standard to get Accreditation of Organic Food Processors.

The fourth one particular was again revised to get Standard pertaining to Organic Products and Specially Developed Agricultural Products, and was officially enacted in 2001. The latest edition of organic and natural law is incredibly strict, as well as the certification business and inspector must have the required license obtained according to the types of procedures stipulated inside the law. Only officially authorized products can become labeled as JAS Organic for marketing.

Additionally there is a regulation regarding the labels of brought in organic food. The law has a penalty legislation for faked organic foods. The maker of faked organic meals bearing JAS Organic packaging will be fined with a minimum sum of 500, 000 Japanese Yen.

Much higher sum (double amount) of excellent will be submitted to the recognition organization which usually issued a faked qualification to a faked organic item. Because of this rigid law comparable to that of USA and EU, organic buyers gained self-confidence on organic and natural foods in Japanese industry. This assurance feeling resulted in increased organic and natural consumption in Japan, at the present market volume of US$3-4 billion dollars. It is estimated that roughly 3 to 5 mil people in Japan buy organic products frequently for wellness reasons.

Production and promoting of natural products by major brands The case of MOA Intercontinental The natural farming promoter MOA (Mokichi Okada Affiliation International) that has 68 years’ of history proven a 60-ha experimental farmville farm at Ohito, Sizuoka Prefecture. The technology of normal farming and Natural Farming Standard produced at the fresh farm will be transferred to the contracted maqui berry farmers for app. The contracted natural farms serve as Satellite Farms to generate natural foods for MOA.

The normal products (organic products) produced from the satellite farms will be routinely colleted at MOA Narita Product Collection and Distribution Center located close to Tokyo. The collected organic products happen to be packed combined with the MOA all-natural food label. Some of them are used as the row components for digesting into various types of normal foods, just like natural grain, natural tea, natural Tofu, natural soy source, normal noodle and natural soybean milk etc . The natural foods thus produced happen to be then distributed to the MOA’s health sequence stores spread across the country. The marketplace chain shop network of MOA assists in the exportation and importation of organic food in Asia.

The case of Mizuho Sinsei Organic Agricultural Institute This Institute is actually a part of the private Mizuho Food and Materials Company with very similar approach as MOA to produce and marketing organic foods. This Institute has been doing extension help organic farming through the education plan to their 2, 500 members of organic farmers. The natural products (rice, fruit and vegetables, fruits and tea) produced by these affiliate farmers happen to be collected, tagged and marketed as organic and natural foods through the marketing part of Mizuho Firm. The organic products are sent to the buyers through their 100 sequence stores.

In the intervening time, they given away the organic foods right to the particular fixed customers by 140 cars every day. The case of TEIKEIsystem with the producer-consumer co-partnership of organic foods TEKEI system is the producer-consumer co-partnership movement introduced by Asia Organic Association. TEkEI can be an idea to develop an alternative syndication system never to depend on the standard market.

It truly is basically a direct distribution approach to organic products from your farm. To transport it out, the producers as well as the consumers should certainly contact the other person frequently to get shared understanding and mutual trust to each other in terms of product top quality. Under this method the delivery stations are set up to supply the products for the nearest customers. The Japanese organic agriculture activity initiated this kind of TEKEI system to take care of equally producers and consumers. Through TEKEI system, friendly and creative relationship between reliable organic producers and consumers is established.

Organic and natural foods are developed according to pre-arranged strategies between the producers and consumers. Price of organic products is placed in the soul of common benefits. In accordance to Japan Organic Culture Association, currently 500-1, 000 consumers’ groupings are connected with TEIKEI system of operation across the nation. 4-2. Chinese suppliers Green Meals In Cina organic foodstuff is known as Green Food.

Green Food is defined as uncontaminated, safe, high quality healthy food choices which is produced under a particular scheme of ecological cultivation. It is permitted to be marketed under the packaging of Green Food following being qualified by specified organizations (Liu 1999). In China, the greenhouse fresh vegetables that are produced under the garden soil less state is also known as Green Foods, because they are not exposed to any polluting element (USDA 1997).

According to the Cina Green Meals Development Middle, Green Food is similar to organic and natural, natural or ecological foodstuff in Western countries (APFI 1997). In 1990, China and tiawan created the Green Food Creation Center (CGFDC) under Ministry of Agriculture. In 1992 it was has been renowned to be China and tiawan Green Food Development Center (CGFDC), that was accepted as a part of IFOAM in 1993.

Recently, a regulation entitled Green Foodstuff Grading Standard has been enacted by the CGFDC. This rules divides green food in A and AA degrees. AA quality green meals is defined as the merchandise which are created according to international normal. It is targeted for international markets just like United Sates, Europe and Japan, whilst A grade green meals, which allows using low level of chemicals, is usually aimed at selling in the home-based market (Tang 1997).

In 1994, the State Environmental Protection Administration of China (SEPA) established the Organic Foodstuff Development Centre (OFDC). OFDC then ready a comprehensive pair of Organic Farming Production and Food Finalizing Standards and Management Regulations for labeling of the organic and natural foods. The criteria cover plants, eggs and milk products, ostreiculture, mushrooms develop products and wild plants collection; processing of organic products; circulation and deal; storage and packaging; inspection and auditing; air, water sources and normal water quality utilized in production; and permissible and prohibited material for development and finalizing.

OFDC has become responsible for inspection, certification, labeling, research, education and teaching related to advancement organic foodstuff. (FAO 2002) Certified products include soybean, buckwheat, sesame, sunflower and pumpkin seeds, rice, walnut, pine almonds tea, medical herbs, dairy and a few refined products such fruit juices, noodles (FAO 2002). Before 1999, more than 95% of the authorized organic products of China had been exported, mainly to The japanese, EU and USA (FAO 2002) Creation of green foods Green food creation which began in Cina in 1990 has developed swiftly since that time. At the conclusion of 95 a total of 568 varieties of green foods were designed. The initial group of green foods can be categorized to be the fresh items without any commercial processing.

They are really fresh fruits, vegetables, rice, chicken, meat, eggs, fish and tea. The other group is one of the processed items from non-polluted raw materials, such as milk electricity, milk products, and grape wines. In 95 the amount of green foods produced in China come to 2 . 12 million lots, with an output value of RMB 10 mil (China Daily 1997). Right at the end of 1996, a total of 742 varieties of green foods with the total output of three.

6 mil tons with the value of US$ 1 ) 77 billion were made. It was 30 percent increase in assessment with that of 1995 (PSPFI 1997). By the end of 1997, China designed 892 green food products having a total output of 6. 3 , 000, 000 tons (Liu 1999).

It is estimated that a total of 135, 557 hectares of lands will be under organic and natural management in 2002 which is 0. 02 percent of total gardening area (Table 6). The federal government is focusing on to increase the area of green food development to 1 percent of the developed area in the future. According to the China Green Foodstuff Development Center, China is planning to build 19 additional green food creation bases in 10 main cities which includes Shanghai, Guanzhjou and Shenntang in the future. About 50 % of the forty five most well-liked green foods are produced exterior Shanghai.

Quite a few are shipped from Heilongjang province in China considerably north-east, which can be considered to be uncontaminated region. In 2002 the writer (Hsieh) visited Shanghai Suqiao Modern Agricultural Advancement Area found in Puding New Area. The location is used pertaining to experiments in horticulture and aquaculture and also mass production of fresh vegetables and bouquets, fruits and melons.

It is seen as one of the Yangtze River Valley to develop green food. Having seen the farm, the article writer felt that the way of producing green foodstuff in that area is quite totally different from the plan of organic production used by the American countries. Marketplaces Chinese buyers began to have got initial knowing of green food that may bring about demand in the foreseeable future, particularly polluted cities.

During these cities, matter about healthy foods is growing and profit pertaining to producing green foods is increasing (USDA 1997).