Happiness and Humor Group Promotes Life Satisfaction for Senior Center ...

Abstract The effects of a Happiness and Humor Group in the promotion of life satisfaction in an elderly center were examined. Fifteen participants in the beginning of the study were given a self-rated 32-item Life Satisfaction Scale Survey. After which they engaged in a once a week, 10-week program for the Happiness and Humor Group. Although the number of participants increased throughout the sessions, only the 15 original participants were administered the same test after completion of program.

Introduction The purpose of the study is to address former findings conducted by the same researcher. A year ago, the researcher performed a qualitative study on stress. In the earlier study, there were 54 participants, ages 65-100 years, all of whom are members of several Southern California senior recreation programs. It was learned that the primary stressor among older adults was loneliness.

As a follow-up to this, the researcher deemed it necessary to develop a group program that would address coping skills for the stressor. In late adulthood, people experience a lot of stressful moments when they face everyday with pessimism and regret about the past. In the opinion of the researcher, the psychological and over all well-being of the elderly is being neglected as the world faces many innovation and continued progress in technology, basically banking on younger people.

The elderly continues to be an important part of society and their concerns have to be addressed. Since most of them, especially those living in senior centers, face loneliness as they are already far from relatives and family, the researcher thought that something should be done to ease the pain of being lonely. The Happiness and Humor Group was offered once a week for a 10-week period and was held at a local California Senior Center. An initial test, Life Satisfaction Scale (Lohmann, 1976) was conducted to the original 15 participants. The same is done after completion of program.

The Happiness and Humor Group should improve the lives of the participants and increase their satisfaction for their present living status. They should be healthier and more psychologically balanced and score higher in the written scale survey after they finish all the sessions in the program. Review of Related Literature Old age in some books is concretely defined as the stage of a person’s life after 65 years (Burgess, 1949).

However, there are people younger than 65 years that tend to manifest those characteristics that encompass being of old age (Burgess, 1949). To clearly define old age, it is the last period of a person’s life terminated by death. According to some books (Papalia, 2002), aging is divided into two stages: Primary and Secondary aging. Primary aging is said to be the time when the body inevitably deteriorates and this process continues through out the years. On the other hand, Secondary aging results from the abuse the body receives through the years.

These abuses are often avoidable and are within the control of the human person (Papalia, 2002). Along with other indications of aging is the manifestation of psychological changes. Depression, for one is seen as one of the psychological problems faced by the elderly today.

It also affects the biological aspect of living, how organs in our body work, blood flow, etc. Depression is said to speed up physical decline of aging and cause problems internally (Papalia, 2002). As much as there are negative and problematic aspects to aging, like all other stages of development in a person’s life, there is also a positive light to this.

Erik Erikson’s Theory on Human Development indicates that at this late period of adulthood, a person experiences a conflict between ego integrity versus despair (Papalia, 2002). One has to get past the troubles of yesterday, get over regret and what-could-have-beens and learn to accept the wholeness of one’s life and the coherence of learning picked up throughout the years. Nonetheless, there are different ways to measure a person’s life satisfaction in aging. There are scientists who measure this through health conditions, cardiovascular functioning, brain activity, psychological well-being, economic stability, etc (Papalia et al). Nevertheless, all of these play a role in a healthy person’s life.

Although, in different studies, other people, for example, give more importance to their health or economic stability as their basis for an accomplished or successful aging. In the end, it may still depend on a person’s priorities in life that could help him or her achieve optimal aging. There are different theories that deal with aging.

One is the Disengagement theory (Papalia, 2002), which simply states that at this particular stage, people tend to disengage themselves with society and focus more on themselves. They tend to be more in touch with their thoughts, feelings and emotions as they look back at the past and realize what they have learned, gone throughboth positive and negative. On the other hand, there is the activity theory (Papalia, 2002) that indicates that to achieve better aging, one must engage him or her in different activities.

Another important theory that should be taken into account when dealing with better aging is the Continuity Theory (Papalia, 2002). This states that there is a great need for the elderly to relate the present and the past. For them to be satisfied, they have to be able to continue doing what they are used to when they are younger.

It could mean that a once healthy youthful man who is active in sports should not be hindered by age to play his interest. Activities should be present as it was when they had the energy to do it. Of course, one should strain themselves so much to the extent of injury. However, being able to do what one can do before, is an encouragement in itself and provides opportunity for proper aging.

Aside from exercise and being active, humor and laughter help a lot in the aging process. As earlier mentioned, the elderly tend to be more serious as they reflect on their lives. This may produce a lot of negative feelings as they face regret and sorrow at losses. Negative feelings do not only affect mental health but also the entire functioning of the human person. There are a great number of studies and literature depicting humor and laughter as greatly influential to the improvement of a person’s over-all well-being.

It improves the immune system, heart functioning and mental health, among others (Du Pre, 1998). According to studies, cortisol, a hormone secreted by the body during times of stress suppresses the proper functioning of the immune system making humans more inclined to getting sick (Du Pre, 1998). To counter this, studies have been made to show that laughter, in fact, acts against the negative effects of stress. (Du Pre, 1998). In a study made by Dillon, Minchoff and Baker (1985), participants were made to watch humorous videos. They have found that those who watched the videos had a significant increase in an Immonoglobulin A (IgA) level.

This substance is a virus-fighting chemical made by the immune system (Du Pre, 1998). Studies like this show that indeed laughter and humor contribute a great deal to improving a person’s immune system. Laughter can be achieved through social interaction and other forms of entertainment such as videos and film viewing.

Another study by Adams and McGuires (1986) showed that through a 6-week period observation of elderly participants watching funny videos, there had been a significant decrease in requests of pain-relieving medication (Du Pre, 1998). The social interaction portion of laughter is very much helpful, as well. Unfortunately, for the elderly, as they try to disengage themselves and focus more on self, they forget to interact and the importance of sharing and relating with others.

Such is the importance of group psychotherapy. According to Yalom (1995), group psychotherapy brings about instillation of hope, interpersonal learning, group cohesiveness and universality. People become more hopeful as they see that there are others who are in the same boat. They find out that there are those who can relate to them and that they are not the only ones who are going through the things that they are experiencing.

The same is true for its universality. Group dynamics brings natural concern and care for others. They become more mindful of their surroundings and helpful, allowing themselves to be useful (Yalom, 1995). Interpersonal learning is picked up as each one involves him or herself in discussions.

As they share their feelings and work out their problems they become more cohesive as a group and help in the development of the social skills that they thought they do not need anymore. Indeed, humor is a powerful force with the psychological and physiological effects on the body similar to the health benefits of aerobic exercise. The National Council on Aging promotes quality of life as an important factor for successful aging and a major component in one’s perception of happiness. In a study involving 182 participants, Vilaythong, Arnau, Rosen & Mascaro (2003) saw a relationship between humor and hopefulness.

The researchers discovered an increase in the state of hopefulness after exposure to humor. Moreover, Wooten, (1996), stated Finding humor in a situation and laughing freely with others can be a powerful antidote to stress and gives us a sense of perspective on our problems. Of course, in all this, there is a mind set that should be taken into account. One must be optimistic about things and their outlook in life. At the age nearing death, it could be said that this is somewhat very difficult.

The elderly is typically viewed as people who are not as functional as they were in their youth (Cox, 1993). The people or family surrounding a senior person should not automatically think that an elder needs his or her assistance. When an elderly feels that he or she has to be assisted in everything and could not perform independently, this may lead to a feeling of low self-worth and they become more pessimistic about things (Cox, 1993). If people can trust elders to carry out tasks, not to difficult for them to perform independently, then they learn to build confidence on what they can do. Furthermore, doubts about themselves, reservations and other unhealthy beliefs that maybe they cannot have purpose anymore, gradually disappears (Dryden, 2001).

Here, one can see the effect that positive thinking or optimism provided by the environment, and later on re-learned by self, helps in healthy and a higher satisfaction in aging. Putting all this together, one could see that there is a right way to age. The elderly can get maximum satisfaction in aging if they conserved their energy and strength, if they are able to adapt to challenges and losses, and finally, if they could spend their time productively and wisely (Papalia, 2002). Method Subjects 17 men and women ages 65-89 years who volunteered were administered a pre- and post- self-rated 32-item Life Satisfaction Scale Survey (Lohman, 1976).

The form used did not ask for the individual names of the participants. Rather, they were asked to put a fictitious name to ensure honesty and validity of results. The initial testing was conducted during the first session of the Happiness and Humor Group, and the final testing was done on the 10th and final session. Materials A scale survey called Life Satisfaction by Lohman (1976) was conducted. The Happiness and Humor group consisted of a 10-session program which was carried out once a week in a span of 10 weeks.

Film viewing was used, this includes DVDs brought by the participants themselves and a few episodes starring Ellen DeGeneres. Lively music was also used in some of the sessions where there was dancing and exercise. Whistles, candies and other paraphernalia were also used in different sessions, serving different symbolisms and purpose. Procedure The first session of The Happiness and Humor Group at their senior center included 15 participants.

They were given a test to measure their Life Satisfaction. They were not prompted for real names, rather they were asked to put fictitious names. Afterwards, the first activity began.

Each participant was asked to pick a candy or energy bar which best suited or represented his or her personality. The session was ended by the researcher giving a lecture regarding pessimists and optimists. The second session included additional participants. The researcher welcomed the larger group with an activity Lighten Your Load in which everyone shared a way that they could lift pressure from their lives.

An intense discussion took place following the introduction of the topic, The Typical Wants and Desires of Human Beings. An activity of light exercise to lively music concluded this session. More people joined during the third session. The importance of Exercise, Nutrition, Recreation and Attitude (ENRA) , and how these all added to a happier and healthy life was discussed. Exploring the ENRA principle of Attitude consisted of an activity Count Your Blessings where the participants wrote down and shared three positive things that happened to them during the week.

They were also asked to share with the group how they think they were able to contribute to the positive things that happened to them. At the end of this third session, group members, not the instructor, began to tell jokes which enabled them to connect with each other through shared humor. Similar activities followed after this session, at the same time, more people joined in. Group psychotherapy happens as they share with each other ways to cope with loneliness and how they started thinking more positively.

On the seventh session, a discussion was initiated regarding how guilt blocked happiness. Film viewing was also then started. A brief episode that starred Ellen DeGeneres was shown to the group.

The video was followed by a laughter prescription issued by the researcher. This entailed all the participants to have a daily dose of 15 minutes of laughter everyday. The session ended with the prescription papers actually signed by the researcher.

The eighth session was composed of 25 participants. There was exercise and the researcher introduced an international folk dance. Such activity enforced the ENRA principles.

Kazoos and whistles were distributed with the instructions to blow the whistle on themselves when they got too serious. The session again, ended with a summarization of what they have learned that day and group sharing. The sessions that followed were characterized by more film viewing, exercise and dancing.

The participants were encouraged to bring their own DVDs or videos should they want to share with the other group members. Later in the session, ENRA principles of Nutrition and Recreation were discussed as they were related to community availability. The researcher offered directories to farmers’ markets nearby and ideas for low cost activities and entertainment around the community.

The participants were often reminded that happy people eat healthy foods, exercise, play, and most importantly, have a positive attitude toward life. At the tenth and last session, each participant received a certificate of achievement for being a part of Happiness and Humor Group. They celebrated their success with each other at a healthy buffet which consisted of fresh and healthy food that they themselves purchased from the local farmers’ market. The session ended with humorous stories, ones that they could share with friends or recall for their own 15 minutes of laughter just had been prescribed. Results n=17 Mean SD Pre: 42.

605 54. 256 22. 6 Post: 65. 828 72. 883 13.

7 Difference between tests 5. 6 Table 1. Results for Life Satisfaction Scale Survey (Lohman 1976) Table 1 shows the mean and standard deviations of the group before and after the intervention. Specifically, the mean before the intervention is 54. 256, and this has increased to 72. 883 after the happiness and humor sessions. Significance Level 0. 5 Table 2. T-Tests Variable Method Variances DF t-Value Pr>[t] Score Put Equal 32 2 . 80 0. 0067 Score Satterthwaite Unequal twenty six.

3 installment payments on your 90 zero. 0074 The conduct in the t-tests to get dependent teams show the post-test scores are significantly above the pre-test score (t=2. 90, l<. 01).

This indicates that the happiness and humor sessions had a substantial positive effect on the participants’ life satisfaction. Table 3. Equality of Variances Variable Method Num DF F value Pr>F Score Folder F 16 2. 73 0. 0528 The insignificant F-value shows in Levene’s test for equality of variances (F=2. 73, p>. 05) suggests that both equally score droit (pre and post) result from normally distributed score foule. Discussion Through the statistical effects above, one can see that there may be significant change in the participants.

Also, qualitatively, their prospect has changed substantially and they have grown to be more optimistic. In the beginning, it had been evident that group dynamics and writing are really effective tools. One member, Camshaft, 75, distributed eagerly during the first treatment that her selection of the candy bar reminded her of growing up in an orphanage in Scotland. Another, Abraham, 82, told about how he would eat a bite-sized candy bar and relax in the afternoon. The verbal and nonverbal connections were being founded between group members, even reaching out to the silent and timid kinds.

Participants as well felt more at ease due to environment that was offered to all of them. Jokes are highly welcomed and encouraged. In fact , more than once, the researcher might tell a tale, reminding the participants from the crew the theme of happiness that is the program.

As well, it prompted people to present and share parts of their lives through funny and coming in contact with anecdotes. Group cohesiveness was noticeable by fourth session and ongoing throughout the remainder of the periods. Participants served each other espresso, listened devoid of interrupting, and best of all, built plans to socialize outside the every week group meetings. Edna, 68, stated that your woman felt like a kinder person.

She mentioned that your woman called friends and invited them to her apartment, equating to a more confident and more interpersonal outlook in life. Another player, Keiko, a timid, more quite 83-year-old, cried towards the end of one of the sessions once she shared that the lady allowed her son to drain her of delight. She announced that the girl was going to put into practice what the girl had learned in the group. Sharings had been always paid and welcome eagerly simply by other participants. They have discovered to become more open to one another’s issues and have turn into greatly encouraging of one another.

Both individuals and specialist saw just how popular the Happiness and Humor Group grew. People came in attempting to join since they say that they want to be happy. Even throughout the program adjustments and positive results could already be seen in the participants. They themselves could say simply how much they are previously evolving.

For example, Sam, 82, disclosed that he was easily annoyed by many people and he planned to learn a better way of associated with those who troubled him which will showed a shift in the attitude. Many other observations and learnings originate from the people themselves. There have been observed feedback such as a time when it was noted just how appointments are generally created with doctors and dentists pertaining to specific health issues, but a single never pieces a meeting to get life-renewing excitement and amusement. This understanding came about through the session when they were given fun prescriptions. In the latter part of the program, one could very easily detect that people are greatly more confident to talk about personal matters as compared when they were simply starting.

We were holding able to port out problems and this made them experience really better, emotionally, most importantly. One affiliate, Dixie, brought up during among the sessions the problem about households. The individuals spoke of family practices and ritual, children and oldsters playing together, laughter and honest, open up communication with no retaliation.

Dixie, once an abused loved one, went on to express that the group has stimulated her to be happy and truly feel less guilty. After analysis of all these, the investigator feels self-confident that the Wit and Delight Group plan indeed dished up its goal. The elderly sensed more comfortable to socialize and felt less lonely, since there are these around them who are able to relate with their feelings and emotions.

They think more efficiently and are more accepting of in which they are now, with any luck , looking at earlier times with much less regret. They may be equipped with understanding of adequate exercise, varying forms of it, to keep them match, proper nourishment to keep the minds of men healthy and working. Researchers in gerontology, leisure solutions, social operate and related disciplines will be eager to understand how to increase the quality lifestyle for elderly adults, specifically those pressured by solitude. Furthermore, many researchers have got followed a line of exploration comparing the partnership between possessing a sense of humor and good health.

Leslie Gibson, a hospice community addition, has observed that the even more developed the sense of humor, the greater graceful the acceptance of physical transform and damage associated with ageing. The Pleasure and Humors Group produced for a great aging human population demonstrated that wit was a significant part of increasing their lifestyle satisfaction. In part, it was permitted by linking the individuals with others during the five sessions to be able to create a relationship, a sense of that belong through laughter and fun.

The specialist encourages managers and experts to explore the prospect of launching a similar group into their own areas to help promote higher life fulfillment among the elderly adult foule that they provide. Lastly, a further study could be conducted just like the Happiness and Humor Group. Other activities such as one on one services with specialists and sufferers could be carried out to probably reach out to individuals who are really using a hard time opening in big groups.

Consistency of the session could also be better, making it 2 times to thrice a week, rather than once a week. The whole length of the software could actually be regarded enough to host every needed actions for the participants. Nevertheless , if these kinds of program will be revised, increasing the that could particularly cater to the needs of other parents in other cultures, a longer plan period is advised. Another improvement could be made by asking the participants who also just afterwards joined the Happiness and Humor Group to provide opinions and have these people accomplish research as to the way the program truly enriched their very own lives.

Family support is also added to the curriculum, although this may be hard for those who have relatives or friends and family far from the middle where they are really in. In general, the Pleasure and Laughter Group could possibly be considered a success on its own in addition to the future because it would really be implemented in senior centers, the specialist hopes more elderly could participate and experience the life changing process this software offers. Sources Alpert, M. E. & Fava, M. (2004). Handbook of persistent depression: Medical diagnosis and healing management. Nyc: Marcel Dekker.

Anastasi, A. & Urbina, S. (2002). Psychological Testing (7th Impotence. ) Nj: Prentice Lounge. Arnau, 3rd there’s r. C., Rosen, D. H. & Vilaythong, A. L. (2003). Laughter and expect: Can wit increase expect? International Log of Wit Research.

16-1, 78-89. Ayres, V. Electronic., Mackenzie, K. R., Weisman, M. M., Welch, & R. 3rd there’s r., Wilfley, G. E. (2000). Interpersonal psychiatric therapy for group. New York: Simple Books. Bernard, M. Elizabeth., & DiGuiseppe, R. (1994).

Rational-emotive appointment in utilized settings. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Burgess, E. Watts., Cavan, Ur. S., Golhamer, H., & Havighurst, R. J. (1949).

Personal modification in old age. Chicago: Science Research Acquaintances. Boyle, G. J, & Joss-Reid, L. M. (2004). Relationship of humour to health: A psychometric exploration. British Log of Overall health Psychology, being unfaithful, 51-66.

Cox, C. (1993). The frail elderly: Problems, needs and community answers. Westport, CT: Auburn Residence Paperback. Dryden, W. (2001). Reason to change: A logical emotive tendencies therapy (REBT) workbook.

Ny: Brunner-Routledge. Man Pre, A. (1998). Humor and the healing arts: A multimethod research of wit use in health care. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Acquaintances. Elmes, G. G., Kontowitz, B. L., Roediger 3, H. L. (2001).

Fresh psychology (7th Ed. ). Singapore: Wadsworth. Macfarland, K. (2005). Fighting late-life depression: Short term psychotherapy for depressive disorder in elderly adults-A report on evidence structured studies since 2000.

Life of the American Psychotherapy Association. 8(4). Papalia, D. Elizabeth., & Olds, S. Watts. (2002). Human being development (8th Ed. ). New York: McGraw Hill. Pinel, J. G. J. (2003).

Biopsychology (5th Ed. ). Boston: Pearson. Roeckelein, L. E. (2002). The psychology of wit: A reference guide and annotated bibliography. Westport, COMPUTERTOMOGRAFIE: Greenwood. Szabo, A. (2003).

The serious effects of joy and workout on mood and anxiousness. Journal of Leisure Exploration. 35(2). Turnbull, M. & Wolfson, S. (2002). Effects of exercise and outcome feedback on disposition: Evidence to get misattribution.

Journal of Sport Behavior 25, 4. Wooten, P. (1996). Humor: A great anecdote for stress. Alternative Nursing Practice. 10, 49-55. Yalom, My spouse and i. D. (1995).

The theory and practice of group psychiatric therapy. New York: Simple Books. Plagiarism Report Made by EVENT 2 . 5 7/3/2007 14: 46: 32 PM Record: Humor 1 ) doc Amount of record detected to become plagiarized:. 54% (less than 1%) Please Note: Because plagiarsm on this newspaper is below 15%, make sure you check these results carefully to make sure plagiarism has the truth is occured.

Coordinating material was found on these websites: http://www. sp. uconn. edu/~yian/frl/26sptrel. htm Pupil essay with matching articles underlined for easy detection: Jogging Head: EXISTENCE SATISFACTION INTENDED FOR SENIOR CENTRE PARTCIPANTS Happiness and Humor Group Stimulates Life Fulfillment for Mature Center Participants Abstract The consequences of a Pleasure and Humor Group inside the promotion of life pleasure in an elderly center had been examined. Fifteen participants in the beginning of the examine were given a self-rated 32-item Life Fulfillment Scale Survey. After which they will engaged in a once a week, 10-week program for the Delight and Wit Group.

Even though the number of individuals increased over the sessions, the particular 15 first participants had been administered the same test after completion of plan. Introduction The objective of the study should be to address previous findings done by the same researcher. A year ago, the specialist performed a qualitative study on tension.

In the earlier examine, there were fifty four participants, age range 65-100 years, all of who are associates of several Southern California mature recreation programs. It was found that the primary stressor among old adults was loneliness. As being a follow-up to this, the investigator deemed this necessary to create a group plan that would treat coping expertise for the stressor. In late adulthood, people experience a whole lot of stressful moments when they face everyday with negativity and repent about yesteryear.

In the view of the researcher, the psychological and over all well-being with the elderly will be neglected because the world encounters many advancement and continuing progress in technology, quite simply banking on younger people. The elderly is still an important component to society and the concerns must be addressed. Since most of them, individuals living in senior centers, face loneliness as they are already not even close to relatives and family, the researcher thought that all something must be done to ease the discomfort of being unhappy.

The Delight and Laughter Group was offered once per week for a 10-week period and was held in a local California Senior Centre. An initial evaluation, Life Satisfaction Scale (Lohmann, 1976) was conducted towards the original 15 participants. The same is done after completion of plan.

The Pleasure and Humor Group ought to improve the lives of the individuals and increase their satisfaction for his or her present living status. They must be healthier and even more psychologically well balanced and score higher inside the written scale survey after they finish all the sessions in the program. Report on Related Books Old age in certain books is concretely understood to be the scenario for person’s lifestyle after sixty-five years (Burgess, 1949). However , there are persons younger than 65 years that usually manifest all those characteristics that encompass staying of senior years (Burgess, 1949). Ergo, to clearly specify old age, it’s the last amount of a person’s life ended by loss of life.

According to a few books (Papalia, 2002), the aging process is broken into two periods: Primary and Secondary aging. Primary the aging process is said to be time when the human body inevitably dips and this procedure continues during the years. However, Secondary ageing results from the abuse the entire body receives as time passes. These abuses are often avoidable and are in the control of the human person (Papalia, 2002). As well as other indications of aging is definitely the manifestation of psychological changes.

Depression, for just one is seen as one of many psychological concerns faced by elderly today. It also influences the natural aspect of living, how internal organs in our human body work, blood flow, etc . Depression is said to speed up physical decline of aging and cause problems internally (Papalia, 2002). As much as you will discover negative and problematic elements to the aging process, like other stages of development in a person’s life, there is also a positive light for this.

Erik Erikson’s Theory upon Human Advancement indicates that at this past due period of adulthood, a person experiences a conflict among ego honesty versus despair (Papalia, 2002). One has to get past the troubles of yesterday, overcome regret and what-could-have-beens and learn to accept the wholeness of one’s your life and the coherence of learning picked up through the years. non-etheless, there are other ways to assess a person’s life pleasure in ageing. There are experts who assess this through health conditions, heart functioning, human brain activity, emotional well-being, monetary stability, and so on (Papalia ou al).

However, all of these play a role in a healthful person’s your life. Although, in various studies, other folks, for example , offer more importance to their wellness or economical stability his or her basis pertaining to an accomplished or perhaps successful ageing. In the end, it may still rely upon a person’s priorities anytime that could help him or her obtain optimal the aging process. There are distinct theories that deal with maturing. One is the Disengagement theory (Papalia, 2002), which simply states that at this particular stage, persons tend to disengage themselves with society and focus more on themselves.

They tend to be more in touch with their thoughts, feelings and emotions as they look back again at the earlier and recognize what they have discovered, gone through-both positive and negative. Alternatively, there is the activity theory (Papalia, 2002) that indicates that to achieve better aging, one must engage him or her in different activities. Another important theory that ought to be taken into account when dealing with better aging is a Continuity Theory (Papalia, 2002). This states that there is a great need for seniors to relate the present as well as the past. So they can be satisfied, they have to have the ability to continue performing what they are accustomed to when they are young.

It could imply that a once healthy youthful man that is active in sports ought not to be hindered by age to experience his curiosity. Activities must be present as it was when they got the energy to obtain. Of course , you should strain themselves so much to the extent of injury.

Yet , being able to carry out what one can possibly do before, is an encouragement itself and provides chance for proper the aging process. Aside from exercise.